Publicação_Taipa na arquitectura tradicional_Mariana Correia

Taipa na arquitectura tradicional_Mariana Correia

Artigo em http://www.restapia.es/files/14812

Exemplo de taipa com pedra no topo das juntas verticais na Casa do gado do Monte Pelicão em Saraiva, concelho de Ourique

Text excerpt _The Potential of Earth_Upscaling Earth: Material, Process, Catalyst

The Potential of Earth

from Upscaling Earth: Material, Process, Catalyst,

Earth can serve as the basis for infinite conceptualizations and take on many colors and forms. From a historical perspective, earth is our oldest and single most important building material: it encapsulates qualities that anchor architecture in its very roots. 

As Kjetil Trædal Thorsen, founder of the Snøhetta Architectural Design practice, has noted: 

“The essence of creation is captured in one material as old as the world itself and brand new as fast as it dries. It is as warm as the colour tones of the ground it comes from, as hard as rock to equally withstand the forces that made it, controlling humidity, temperature. Show me one other material that can do the same (4).”

Earth can be found almost anywhere in the world and translated into a con￾textually unique structure. Whether in the desert climates of North Africa, the tropical monsoon regions of Asia, or the frost-laden contexts of Central Europe; whether a peripheral single-family residence or highly urban, multi-story building: earth is both a viable and palpably sustainable material with which to design our world.

Archaeological excavations have revealed that earth has consistently been one of the most widely used building materials, traversing climates and continents, and that the building culture of earth has existed for more than nine thousand years (5). Its typologies include not just residential structures but the religious buildings, statues, and monuments, the ziggurats and fortifications that remain a part of the urbanized world today. The cities of Jericho, Chan-Chan in Peru, or Babylon in Iraq, the Alhambra in Spain, and even the original parts of the Great Wall of China were all constructed using various earth building techniques, from adobe brickmaking to ramming (6). 

Three thousand two hundred years ago, parts of the temple complex of Ramses II were constructed with earth bricks in Gourna, Egypt; the core of the sun pyramid in Teotihuacan, Mexico, was primarily constructed with rammed earth between the years 300 and 900 CE (7). Moreover, the earthen elements of these edifices did not contain any form of further structural reinforcement or stabilization beyond wooden ring beams or lintels of stone. These works demonstrate the ability of earth to withstand the tests of time and -particularly when well maintained - to survive weather events and even natural disasters such as earthquakes.

Currently, earth is the only material that completely aligns with fully sustainable building principles, such as the cradle-to-cradle concept (8). Like no other building material, earth is not only suited to its local climate but also has the capacity to generate an equally localized building culture, one in which investments in construction are grounded in social capital. 

It is this key aspect that gives earthen architecture the potential to break the cycles of financialization that extract profits from localities to enrich global conglomerates and corporations, and that so often dictate the course of development around the globe. Instead, the ever-varying characteristics of earth promote a broad range of socially sustainable and economically viable solutions.

More than this, earth also provides a rich aesthetic palette that mirrors and expresses cultural diversity. Anyone who has stood inside a house made of earth is familiar with the strong sense of place the material generates. 

Earth is healthy, not just in regard to sustainable construction, but also in the sense of physical and psychological well-being. It creates an emotional, familiar atmosphere and an unparalleled interior climate. While earth itself is not technologically advanced, it is capable of highly technical feats; for example, its ability to absorb water vapor like no other human-made material. Elevated and edified or not, earth contains great potential to meet contemporary needs. As described by Iranian-American architect Mohsen Mostafavi: “The limitations of a material’s use, or misuse, depend solely on our capacity to imagine alternative and unexpected means of incorporating it into the design process.” (9)

Architecture, as a design practice, began to eschew building with earth hundreds of years ago. The evolving specialization of the design world and fascination with more technologically advanced methods has relegated earth to a primitive, basic material. Only recently has this perception begun to change, and the potentials of one of our most ancient building materials explored anew. The challenge, therefore, as formulated by Mostafavi, is: 

“How can we use dirt from the surface of the earth to make an alternative architecture that is both technically and aesthetically responsive to the conditions of our times?” (10)

(4) Kjetil Trædal Thorsen, as location in Venice in “Mud WORKS!” poster for the 15th International Architecture Exhibition, Biennale architettura 2016: Reporting from the Front, May 28 to November 27, 2016.

(5)  See Gernot Minke, Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012, 3rd ed.), p. 11.

(6)  See David Easton, The Rammed Earth House (White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2007), p. 4.

(7)  Ibid. pp. 3–9.

(8)  See William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (New York: North Point Press, 2002).

(9)  Mohsen Mostafavi, as cited in “Mud WORKS!” (see note 4).

(10)     Ibid.

Text excerpt from: Heringer, Anna, Howe, Lindsay Blair, Rauch, Martin, Upscaling Earth: Material, Process, Catalyst, GTA publishers, February, 2020

Publicação_Proyecto COREMANS: criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra

Proyecto COREMANS: criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra

El proyecto Coremans es una iniciativa del IPCE, desarrollada en estrecha colaboración con profesionales e instituciones de todo el país, dedicados a la investigación y preservación del patrimonio cultural. Su objetivo es elaborar y difundir documentos que sirvan de referencia para los tratamientos de conservación y restauración de bienes culturales, de acuerdo con sus singulares características materiales y constitutivas. 

Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra constituye el cuarto documento de esta serie Coremans, este nuevo texto enriquece la colección aportando una nueva perspectiva relativa a un conjunto patrimonial caracterizado por su gran diversidad y la abundancia de elementos conservados.

PRIMER PREMIO TERRA IBÉRICA 2023 en la categoria de “Innovación e Divulgación” por el manual 'Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra', coordinado por Camilla Mileto y Fernando Vegas López‐Manzanares. 

Se trata de un manual enmarcado en el Proyecto Coremans, impulsado por el Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural de España (IPCE) del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte con el objetivo de crear líneas guía de referencia para las intervenciones de restauración que se lleven a cabo en el patrimonio construido. 

En este manual ha participado autores y expertos nacionales e internacionales en el tema.

Se puede descargar gratuitamente en:

https://www.libreria.culturaydeporte.gob.es/libro/proyecto-coremans-criterios-de-intervencion-en-la-arquitectura-de-tierra-the-coremans-project-intervention-criteria-for-earthen-architecture_5337/

Conservation of Earthen Architecture_Spring 2022

Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter
Conservation of Earthen Architecture_Spring 2022
In this issue

- From Visionary Leadership to a Field of Study: Over Fifty Years of Earthen Architecture Conservation by Claudia Cancino

- Ancient Traditions, Modern Education: Capacity Building for Earthen Heritage Conservation by Benjamin Marcus

- Preserving Earthen Settlements in Oman: Conservation and Adaptive Reuse of Vernacular Heritage by Soumyen Bandyopadhyay

- Digital Twins and Real-Time Monitoring: New Techniques for Analyzing Historic Andean Adobe Churches by Rafael Aguilar

- A Delicate Balance: A Conversation about the Conservation of Earthen Archaeological Sites

- Resources A list of resources related to the conservation of earthen architecture

- GCI News with project updates, events, and publications

Download this issue in PDF format

Revista Construção Magazine nº105 set/out 2021

 

Revista Construção Magazine nº105 set/out 2021, dedicada ao tema 'Construção em terra'
http://www.construcaomagazine.pt/.../revista-n105.../
http://www.construcaomagazine.pt/noticias/editorial-cm105/

(c) Foto: Miguel Ferreira Mendes, 2020

ÍNDICE 2
EDITORIAL 4 - 29
DOSSIER: CONSTRUÇÃO EM TERRA 4 - 7
CONVERSAS
Miguel Rocha 8 - 10
“Um material não vale pelo que é, mas pelo que pode representar para a sociedade” - Miguel Ferreira Mendes 12 - 15
Construção em terra: sustentabilidade, conforto e saúde. Que enquadramento legal? - Ana Antunes, Ana Velosa e Rui Morbey 16 - 18
A conservação do património arquitetónico em terra - Maria Fernandes 20 - 22
A seleção e controlo de qualidade dos materiais na construção em taipa - Rui A. Silva, Daniel V. Oliveira, Tiago Miranda e Benjamim Pereira 23 - 25
Prescrever revestimentos em reboco para paredes em taipa: critérios e desafios - Luís Pedro Mateus 28 - 30
Reabilitação de casas de brasileiro e casas urbanas de adobes - Alice Tavares e Aníbal Costa 31 - 35
Reabilitação de uma construção em taipa integrada no conjunto industrial da Moagem de Sabóia - Bruno Quelhas, Luís Ferreira, José Adrião e Carla Gonçalves 36 - 37
ARQUITETURA
Linguagem como materialidade – José Mendes Ribeiro, Rossella Conversano e Catarina Fortuna 38 - 39
ESTRUTURAS METÁLICAS
Parafusos de alta resistência. Pré-esforçar ou não? – Tiago Abecassis 40 - 41
SÍSMICA
O projeto sísmico de edifícios sem enquadramento regulamentar - José Miguel Castro 42 - 43
ESTRUTURAS DE MADEIRA
Reabilitação de tetos decorativos em madeira com valor patrimonial - José Amorim Faria 44 - 46
ATUALIDADE
Consultório técnico - Acústica 47 - 48
MERCADO

http://www.construcaomagazine.pt/noticias/revista-n105-setembro-outubro-2021/

Livro_The Art of Earth Architecture: Past, Present, Future_Jean Dethier

The Art of Earth Architecture: Past, Present, Future

by Jean Dethier

For almost ten thousand years, unbaked earth has been used to build remarkable structures, from simple dwellings to palaces, temples, and fortresses both grand and durable.

Jean Dethier spent fifty years researching this landmark global survey, which spans five continents and 250 sites. The Art of Earth Architecture demonstrates the wide-ranging applications and sustainability of this building material, while presenting a manifesto for its ecological significance.

Featuring raw-earth masterpieces, monumental structures, and little known works, the book includes the temples and palaces of Mesopotamia, the Great Wall of China, large-scale urban developments in Tenochtitlan in Mexico, the medinas of Morocco, and housing in Marrakech and Bogota.

This definitive reference features many UNESCO World Heritage sites and contains essays on the historical, technical, and cultural aspects of raw-earth construction from twenty experts in the field, as well as hundreds of photographs, illustrations, and architectural drawings.

About the Author

Jean Dethier has dedicated his life to the research, safeguarding, and development of earth structures around the world. Dethier worked at the Centre Pompidou as a curator of influential architectural exhibits for thirty years. Winner of the prestigious Grand Prix National de l'Architecture, he sat on the jury of the 2016 Terra Award, the first international prize for contemporary earthen structures.

Publisher : Princeton Architectural Press; Illustrated edition (March 3, 2020)

Language : English

Hardcover : 512 pages

ISBN-10 : 1616898895

ISBN-13 : 978-1616898892

Dimensions : 9.85 x 2.05 x 12.55 inches

To buy The Art of Earth Architecture: Past, Present, Future try Amazon here

Publicação_Upscaling Earth: Material, Process, Catalyst

À medida que as pressões ambientais continuam a aumentar e as preocupações com a escassez de recursos continuam a crescer, um número cada vez maior de agentes proeminentes de Arquitectura e Construção pelo Mundo retornam ou descobrem um dos métodos de construção mais antigos e ecológicos: a construção com terra.

Upscaling Earth: Material, Process, Catalyst, de Anna Heringer, Lindsay Blair Howe e Martin Rauch, apresenta-nos uma linha de pensamento inovador sobre estes materiais e o potencial da construção de terra para substituir os materiais mais prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e intensivos em recursos, como o betão ou derivados fosseis. Que condições económicas, ambientais e sociais, pergunta o livro, seriam necessárias para que ocorresse um aumento de escala da utilização da terra para construir?

Apresentando uma ampla gama de projetos construídos e não construídos e delineando estratégias que podem ser implementadas para adaptar o uso da terra a cada cultura e contexto únicos, Upscaling Earth demonstra inovações tecnológicas revolucionárias que destacam as vantagens deste material.

Da sua variedade e disponibilidade mundial, à possibilidade de reciclagem abrangente, da produção neutra para o clima à implementação socialmente justa, o livro revela-nos o incrível potencial da Arquitetura de terra.

Para adquirirem Upscaling Earth: Material, Process, Catalyst vejam aqui na Amazon.com

Guias de boas práticas para construção em terra crua_França

(PT)

Guias de boas práticas para construção em terra crua_França

O objetivo destes guias é fornecer recomendações e especificações que permitam a construção e manutenção de estruturas de terra crua que atendam às expectativas em termos de estabilidade, utilização, durabilidade, etc.

Estes guias destinam-se a donos de obra, promotores e gestores de projetos e obras, empresas de construção e entidades formadoras.

Cada guia foi revisto e validado por todas as estruturas de onze membros do comitê de monitorização, criado em 2015 para produzir esses guias.

Estes guias são um relevante passo para um consenso normativo nas profissões ligadas a estes materiais e tecnologias em França.

São o resultado de diversos intercâmbios iniciados por profissionais da terra crua desde 2012 onde encontramos:

- ARESO (Association Régionale d’Écoconstruction du Sud-Ouest)

- ARPE Normandie (Association Régionale pour la Promotion de l’Écoconstruction

- AsTerre (Association nationale des professionnels de la Terre crue)

- ATOUTERRE (Collectif de professionnels de la construction en terre crue de Midi-Pyrénées)

- CAPEB (Confédération des Artisans et Petites Entreprises du Bâtiment)

- CTA (Collectif Terreux Armoricains)

- FFB (Fédération Française du Bâtiment)

- FÉDÉSCOP BTP (Fédération SCOP du Bâtiment)

- MPF (Maisons Paysannes de France)

- Réseau Écobâtir

- TERA (Terre crue Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)

Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo DHUP (Direction de l’Habitat, de l’Urbanise et des Paysages, Ministère de la Transition Écologique et Solidaire & Ministère de la Cohésion des Territoires.

O processo não se considera no entanto como terminado, estando previstas atualizações futuras no sentido de levarem em conta os feedbacks do mercado e inovações ocorridas.

Estes documentos referem-se assim a 6 técnicas: a taipa, tijolos de terra, terra aligeirada, bauge, tabiques de terra e revestimentos.

Os guias de taipa, revestimentos, tabiques, de terra aligeirada e do bauge foram validados em Dezembro de 2018 (apenas os tijolos de barro foram em Outubro de 2020) e estão todos disponíveis para download link aqui.

6 guias de boas práticas

“Os guias de boas práticas na construção com terra são documentos normativos, ou seja, que“ apresentam as regras, orientações ou características, para todas as atividades e os seus resultados”.

Constituem assim uma referência para todos os profissionais envolvidos direta ou indiretamente no edifício com terra crua. Tratam-se de textos consensualizados resultantes de um processo coletivo que reuniu os diversos ofícios ligados à construção, implementando as técnicas de terra crua utilizadas nas novas construções e também na reabilitação das antigas construções.

Sendo o material terra múltiplo pela diversidade dos solos e das técnicas de aplicação, estabelecer regras únicas válidas para todos e em todos os contextos não poderia ser o método correcto, sendo que o know-how e conhecimento da terra em cada local é sempre decisivo.

Existem assim seis guias de boas práticas, cobrindo estes as seis técnicas de terra crua mais aplicadas:

- a Taipa, técnica de construção de parede monolítica de terra argilo-arenosa. O solo é preparado e compactado no seu estado húmido, camada por camada no interior de uma cofragem para formar um taipal.

- os Revestimentos nos quais a terra é misturada em estado viscoso com fibras e / ou areia para evitar rachaduras e aplicada na parede em uma ou mais camadas dependendo do suporte.

- O Tabique de terra, técnica utilizada para preencher uma estrutura prévia. A terra crua é aplicada no estado plástico ou viscoso com a adição de fibras. Essa mistura pode ser trançada ou emaranhada numa estrutura secundária de madeira, a mesma fixa à estrutura principal. Os painéis obtidos são frequentemente revestidos posteriormente.

- os Tijolos de terra, técnica construtiva em alvenaria de tijolos (de terra arenosa de aluvião, no caso dos adobes). Os tijolos são feitos com uma mistura no estado plástico, são moldados à mão, ou geralmente em moldes. Após a secagem, são geralmente revestidos com argamassas de terra.

- A Terra aligeirada é uma técnica utilizada para preencher uma estrutura suporte. A terra crua é usada no estado líquido com uma barbotina para ligante de fibras ou agregados e, assim, formar um material de enchimento homogêneo isolante.

- O Bauge, técnica de construção de parede monolítica de terra aplicada no estado plástico, geralmente com a adição de fibras. A mistura é então cortada em pedaços empilhados para produzir um acrescento. Após um primeiro tempo de secagem, o processo é retomado novamente.

Livro_Construire en terre crue

Construire en terre crue

Christof Ziegert, Ulrich Röhlen

ISBN 13 - 978-2-281-11567-3

Résumé

Le livre de référence pour construire avec la terre crue.

La terre crue est un matériau de construction doté de nombreux avantages : elle est abondante, nécessite peu d'énergie pour sa fabrication, ne produit aucun déchet, présente une densité élevée donc des qualités d'inertie thermique, régule l'hygrométrie de l'air intérieur et constitue un isolant phonique performant. Différentes techniques emploient la terre crue comme matériau structurel : le pisé (murs coffrés à partir de banches), la bauge (terre crue empilée), l'adobe (briques associées à de la paille), les briques de terre compressée. Elle peut également être utilisée comme matériau de remplissage et d'isolation dans le torchis, la terre-paille et la terre-copeaux bois. Enfin, elle permet de formuler des enduits.

Après avoir détaillé les propriétés du matériau (mécaniques, thermiques, acoustiques, etc.), cet ouvrage décrit la préparation (dosages, qualité), la mise en oeuvre (précautions, outillages, tours de main) ainsi que les techniques constructives traditionnelles et innovantes (remplissage, peintures, construction sèche, etc.). Un dernier chapitre est consacré à la rénovation des bâtiments anciens, grâce à l'analyse des pathologies et de leur traitement.

Enrichi de nombreuses photographies et figures, cet ouvrage s'adresse particulièrement aux architectes, maîtres d'oeuvre, maîtres d'ouvrage et artisans soucieux de mettre à profit des savoir-faire qui ont déjà fait leurs preuves.

Les auteurs

Christof Ziegert

Ingénieur-conseil agréé et expert en dommages liés aux constructions en terre. Christof Ziegert est membre de l'Association allemande pour la construction en terre (eV Dachverband Lehm) et coauteur d'un projet de norme pour la construction en terre en Allemagne.

Ulrich Röhlen

Architecte et directeur technique chez un fabricant de matériaux. Ill est membre de l'Association allemande pour la construction en terre (eV Dachverband Lehm) et coauteur d'un projet de norme pour la construction en terre en Allemagne.

Sommaire

La terre crue aujourd'hui

Matière première : terre crue

Matériaux de construction en terre crue : compositions et propriétés

Enduits de terre crue

Peintures à base de terre

Construction sèche en terre crue

Publisher : MONITEUR (24 Avril 2013)

Paperback : 332 pages

EAN13 : 9782281115673

ISBN-13 : 978-2-281-11567-3

Dimensions : 17 x 24

Livro_Réhabiliter le Pisé

Réhabiliter le Pisé - Vers des techniques adaptées

Collectif Actes Sud - Collection Architectures

Résumé

La demande des professionnels et des particuliers pour de l'information fiable sur le pisé croit avec l'engouement que connaît l'écoconstruction.

Un grand espoir est placé dans cette terre qui jouit déjà d'une place privilégiée parmi les "matériaux d'avenir".

Cet ouvrage veut combler le manque d'information sur l'utilisation de cette technique de construction en replaçant le pisé dans son contexte historique et culturel, en analysant la technique de mise en oeuvre et ses évolutions récentes, en donnant les clés pour diagnostique son bâtiment, l'entretenir ou le réhabiliter.

Caractéristiques techniques

Éditeur(s) - Actes Sud, CRAterre

Auteur(s) - Collectif Actes Sud

Nb. de pages – 264

Parution - 05/09/2018

Format - 20 x 26

EAN13 - 9782330092580

ISBN13 - 978-2-330-09258-0

Livro_Construire en pisé

Construire en pisé: Prescriptions de dimensionnement et de miseen oeuvre
Collectif, CRAterre, Le Tiec, Jean-Marie, Misse, Arnaud 
ISBN-10 : 9782281143805

Details: Le pisé est une technique de construction qui permet de réaliser des parois en compactant de la terre humide entre des banches formant un coffrage. 
Ecologique, disponible localement, résistant aux épreuves du temps, matériau qui régule l'humidité, bon isolant phonique, résistant au feu, le pisé, issu de l'architecture vernaculaire, présente de nombreux avantages s'il est mis en oeuvre correctement. 
Cette technique n'étant pas encore normée, cet ouvrage fournit, en s'appuyant sur l'analyse des techniques traditionnelles et sur le développement plus récent de la connaissance scientifique, les prescriptions techniques permettant de mettre en oeuvre la terre crue. Suivant la chronologie d'une opération de construction, cet ouvrage en couleurs: 
- précise les différentes classes d'emploi du pisé en fonction des contraintes admissibles, du type d'ouvrage considéré (paroi porteuse ou non porteuse), de la catégorie d'importance du bâtiment (habitat individuel ou collectif, bâtiment tertiaire, ERP, etc.) et des contraintes géographiques du lieu d'implantation (sismicité, climat) ; 
- expose les principes de conception d'un ouvrage en pisé et fournit les éléments pour le dimensionner (épaisseur, longueur, hauteur et élancement) ; 
- détaille les dispositions constructives des éléments en pisé et leur liaison avec les autres éléments du bâtiment (soubassement, couverture et étanchéité, ouverture, isolation thermique, réseaux, etc.) ; 
- décrit les étapes de mise en oeuvre du pisé, depuis le choix des terres jusqu'à sa mise en place sur chantier ; - propose une méthode de contrôle du matériau et de sa mise en oeuvre afin d'assurer la qualité de production des éléments en pisé (prélèvement d'échantillon, analyse, essai et contrôle) ; 
- énumère les désordres courants des ouvrages en pisé (variations chromatiques et de densité, fissure, humidité, etc.) et les solutions permettant de les éviter ; 
- présente, en annexe, les principales caractéristiques du matériau (masse volumique, résistances mécaniques, conductivité thermique, perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau, etc.). 
Ce livre permet ainsi de construire et rénover un ouvrage en pisé et acquérir une maîtrise parfaite des chantiers de construction, de la préparation du matériau à la réception des ouvrages. 

Enrichi de nombreuses photographies et figures, il est destiné aux architectes, maîtres d'oeuvre, maîtres d'ouvrage et artisans soucieux de mettre à profit des savoir-faire qui ont déjà fait leurs preuves.

Sommaire
1 Domaines d'emploi.
2 Conception, dimensionnement et dispositions constructives.
3 Mise en oeuvre : description et prescriptions.
4 Contrôle de qualité : matière, matériau et ouvrage.
5 Pathologies, désordres et traitements.

Publisher : MONITEUR (16 July 2020)
Paperback : 146 pages
ISBN-10 : 2281143805
ISBN-13 : 978-2281143805
Dimensions : 17 x 1.3 x 24.1 cm

Language : French

Livro_Les sols en terre

Livro_Les sols en terre - Manuel d'auto-construction

Esqueça todas as suas suposições sobre pisos em terra!

Aquela imagem 'antiga' e empoeirada de pisos de terra não corresponde à actualidade. Imagine hoje um piso liso, com elevada rigidez e fácil de manter, tal como um piso de madeira! Quente, limpo e muito saudável pode também ser aplicado sobre suportes radiantes ou solução de caixa de ar, sempre de modo isolado e estável.

Uma técnica particularmente interessante para construtores DIY, os pisos de terra são económicos e oferecem inúmeras vantagens, com um material saudável e acessível, elevada inércia térmica e isolamento acústico.

Marie Milési e Johannes Riesterer são dois entusiastas e expecialistas e apresentam-nos este livro diversas técnicas inovadoras para construção de pisos de terra crua.

Depois de traçar uma visão geral destes pavimentos e as suas vantagens, Marie e Johanness apresentam-nos todas as características e os princípios de execução. Explicam-nos ainda quais as estruturas mais frequentes, as etapas de instalação, a fabricação da argamassa, e a sua aplicação em obra, com elucidativas as fotografias de apoio.

FR

Oubliez vos a priori sur les sols en terre crue

Oubliez l'image désuète et poussiéreuse des sols en terre battue. Imaginez un sol lisse, bien dur et aussi facile à entretenir qu'un plancher en bois ! Chaleureux et très propre. Très sain aussi car appliqué sur un support drainé, isolé et stable.

Voilà ce qu'est un sol en terre crue d'aujourd'hui !

Technique particulièrement intéressante pour les auto-constructeurs patients, les sols en terre crue sont peu coûteux et offrent bien des avantages : matériau sain et économique, inertie thermique, isolation phonique.

Marie Milési et Johannes Riesterer sont tous deux passionnés et experts de cette technique innovante de sols en terre crue.

Après avoir dressé un panorama des sols en terre crue et des leurs avantages, Marie et Johanness vous présentent les caractéristiques et les principes d'un sol en terre. Ils exposent quelles sont les structures rencontrées le plus fréquemment, les étapes de mise en oeuvre et de fabrication du mortier, la réalisation sur des chantiers réels, photos à l'appui.

Lorsque vous refermerez ce livre, vous n'aurez qu'une envie : profiter d'un sol en terre crue !

Découvrez la collection Habitat écologique - Conseils d'expert

Au Sommaire

Petite synthèse sur les sols dans la construction en terre

Définition et classification des sols en terre

La gamme des possibles Terre seule, amendée en agrégats minéraux ou armée en fibres? 

- Application humide ou plastique? Compactage ou étalement? 

- Quel traitement de surface? Finition peinte ou non?

Avantages de la terre dans la construction

Intérêt écologique - Intérêts sanitaires - Intérêt culturel

Petit panorama des sols en terre

Déjà, nos ancêtres les Gaulois... 

- Un sol rafraîchissant en Espagne 

- Un bon prétexte pour guincher

Caractéristiques et principes d'un sol en terre

Où peut-on faire un sol en terre?

Propriétés d'un sol en terre:

- Une bonne isolation phonique 

- Un apport d'inertie au bâtiment qui améliore le climat intérieur 

- Une excellente compatibilité avec les autres matériaux 

- Une utilisation particulièrement adaptée à la rénovation de maisons anciennes 

- Une excellente protection contre le feu 

- Un sol chaleureux

Vivre avec un sol en terre : entretien, vieillissement...

- Entretien, nettoyage 

- Vieillissement 

- Résistance du sol 

- Renouvellement des traitements de surface 

- Réparation en cas de dommage

Isolation thermique: la grande oubliée

Le sol en terre enduit : ses différentes couches

Structures les plus fréquentes d'un sol en terre

- Sol en deux couches sur support drainé, isolé, stable et rugueux 

- Sol en deux couches sur support isolant drainé, mais non stable 

- Sol en deux couches sur support isolant, drainé et lisse 

- Sol en deux couches sur plancher chauffant 

- Sol en deux couches sur support isolé, drainé, stable et non plan 

- Sol monocouche, avec couche d'accroche, sur support très plan et lisse, stable et homogène

Préparation du support: Drainage - Isolation - Sous-couches d'accroche, de stabilité ou de planéité

Couche de corps: Fonctions - Composition - Séchage - Trois cas particuliers : Sur un plancher bois/Sur une dalle ciment/Les sols chauffants

Couche de finition: Fonctions - Composition - Séchage

Traitements de surface: Huile de lin - Peinture tempera : Le primaire/Peinture colorée - Cire

Fissures: Les fissures liées à la composition et au séchage - Les fissures liées au mouvement pendant et après le séchage - Les fissures liées à l'application -

Pourquoi ne pas mettre une trame sur toute la surface du sol et éviter ainsi les fissures ?

Moisissures

Fabrication du mortier

Les matériaux

La terre comme matière première : Le rôle de l'argile dans le mortier - Préparation de la terre

Sable, graviers, mélange à béton

Les adjuvants : Les fibres - La bouse de vache et ses alternatives - Autres

L'eau

Où trouver les matériaux ? La terre - Le sable - Le mélange à béton - Les fibres et la bouse de vache - L'huile de lin

Dosages, tests et échantillons

Tests de terrain : Utiliser ses sens - Le lavage de mains - La pastille (test de retrait) - Le cigare (test de cohésion) - La bouteille (répartition granulométrique approximative, expansivité)

Tests de laboratoire : Des tests de quantité - Des tests de qualité - À quoi nous ces tests servent-ils ?

Les échantillons

Outillage nécessaire pour le mélange

L'idéal : le malaxeur planétaire 

- Comment ça marche? Où trouver un malaxeur planétaire?

La bétonnière : plus répandue mais moins efficace

Surtout pas un malaxeur à arbre !

Et sans électricité ni pétrole?

Mise en œuvre illustrée

Présentation du chantier

Le contexte - Choix d'une structure de sol : combien de couches, quelle épaisseur pour chaque couche, choix des ingrédients selon la couche - Au rez-de-chaussée - À l'étage

Outils et matériaux du chantier-modèle : provenance des matériaux et des outils - quantités de matériaux utilisés

En pratique: la préparation du support

Drainage - Isolation - Stabilité - Temps: préparation, mise en œuvre, finitions, séchage des différentes couches

Réalisation de la couche de corps au rez-de-chaussée

Composition de la couche - Malaxage - Application : - Au platoir - Si l'on est nombreux-ses - Application à la règle? - Séchage

Réalisation de la couche de corps à l'étage

Composition de la couche - Malaxage - Application - Séchage

Réalisation de la couche de finition

Préparation du support - Composition du mortier - Malaxage - Application - Séchage

Traitements de surface: Huile de lin - La tempera

D'autres manières de faire: Présentation de sols en terre réalisés par différentes personnes, entreprises et autoconstructeurs.

Bill et Athena Steen, avec le Canelo Project. 

- Dirk Eberhard, SCOP Terre- Bois-Paille - SCOP 

Inventerre: Dalle en béton de terre sur hérisson

La SCOP Caracol - Un autoconstructeur : B

Auteurs : Marie Milési - Johannes Riesterer
Collection : Conseils d'expert
Thématique : Habitat écologique
Sous-thématique : Aménagements et décoration
Description : 160 pages ; (15 x 21 cm) .
ISBN : 9782360980802

3DPAST - Living and virtual visiting European World Heritage

We are very happy to inform that the project 3DPAST - Living and virtual visiting European World Heritage was just concluded, and can be visited at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/

The project was coordinated by Escola Superior Gallaecia (esGALLAECIA), as project leader, University of Florence (UNIFI) and University Politecnica de València (UPV), as partners. It was developed in the framework of CREATIVE EUROPE Programme, with co-funding from the European Union (2016-2020).

3DPAST project received international support from:

ICOMOS International, ICOMOS-CIAV, ICOMOS-ISCEAH, ICOMOS-CIPA, & UNESCO-Chair of Earthen Architecture, Building Cultures and Sustainable Development.

The main idea for the project was to research and value vernacular heritage in World Heritage sites. The key-aim was to enhance this outstanding heritage, through architectural and historical research in a digital and multimedia way, crossing it with a creative component, to reach new audiences.

The project outputs were:

. 3DPAST Book:

"From Vernacular to World Heritage” (a publication with 250 pages in English) for free download at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/publications

. 3DPAST Booklet:

"Guidelines and strategies for maintenance of vernacular architecture in World Heritage sites” (100 pages in 5 languages), for free download at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/3d-past-booklet

. 3DPAST App:

Already available at App Store, very soon at Google Play Store, at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/3dpast-app

. 3DPAST Videos:

Introducing the outputs of the project, at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/videos

. 3DPAST Digital Drawings:

Digital art form the creative component of the project, at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/digital-drawings

. 3DPAST International Conference HERITAGE 2020:

Papers, proceedings and videos of the international conference, at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/pienza.html

. 3DPAST PLATFORM:

You can also visit the project’s platform with deeper research on the selected World Heritage sites, crossed with 3D Models and virtual reality.

Available at: https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/

Further information about vernacular architecture in the 8 researched World Heritage sites, can be accessed at:

Upper Svaneti, GEORGIA:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/svaneti.html

Pienza, ITALY:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/pienza.html

Cuenca, SPAIN:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/cuenca.html

Transylvania, ROMANIA:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/transylvania.html

Old Rauma, FINLAND:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/old-rauma.html

Gjirokastra & Berat, ALBANIA:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/gjirokastra-berat.html

Chorá, GREECE

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/chora.html

Pico, PORTUGAL:

https://esg.pt/3dpast/platform/pico.html

Feel free to disseminate.

We hope you enjoy!

Mariana Correia & Gilberto Carlos,

Escola Superior Gallaecia, Portugal

Saverio Mecca & Letizia Dipasquale,

Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy

Camilla Mileto & Fernando Vegas,

University Politecnica de València, Spain

Publicación online_X CIATTI-2013

Publicación online libro con las ponencias del X CIATTI-2013

El GrupoTierra ha publicado en su sitio de la web el libro en formato digital del Congreso del año 2013: "La arquitectura construida en tierra, Patrimonio y Vivienda" - X CIATTI. Congreso de Arquitectura de Tierra en Cuenca de Campos 2013.

El enlace donde lo podéis consultar es el siguiente:
http://www5.uva.es/grupotierra/publicaciones2014.html

"La arquitectura construida en tierra, Patrimonio y Vivienda" - Congreso de Arquitectura de Tierra en Cuenca de Campos 2013

Coordinadores: José Luis Sáinz Guerra. Félix Jové Sandoval.

ISBN: 978-84-617-0473-6
D.L.: VA 470-2014
Impreso en España
Junio de 2014
Publicación online.

Se accede a cada artículo a través de los enlaces de esta web:

Índice:

1. ESTUDIO DE LA TRADICION

Arquitectura vernácula básica. El refugio en el municipio de Bocairent (Valencia) 
Alesandra Insa Calabuig, Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro.

The Rammed Earth Building In Nigeria 
David C. Okoronkwo, Dr Jamal K. Khatib, Dr Nwabueze Emekwuru, Prof Richard F. Hall.

La vivienda tradicional de adobe en los Altos de Chiapas, México: un patrimonio vivo 
Nancy Jaqueline Jiménez Zomá, Luis Fernando Guerrero.

Casas de adobe mexicanas, una visión contemporánea. 
Leonardo Meraz Quintana, Diego Rescalvo Grajales y Luis Fernando Medina Esquivel.

Re-habitar a terra. Reflexão sobre a questão habitacional nos países em desenvolvimento 
Ana Luisa Leite.

Principios de la arquitectura popular griega 
Katerina Maleka, Atenas, Grecia

Change of 'Yaotong' which is one of Rammed Earth architecture in China 
Toshiei Tsukidate.

Construcción en tierra y calicanto en Madrigal de las Altas Torres (Ávila): Estado de conservación de la arquitectura vernácula y monumental 
Verónica Coca Zancajo, Guillermo Quiroga Pérez, Valladolid, España

Proyecto de un edificio rural en 1934: pervivencia de la tradición constructiva del adobe y la tapia en España. 
F. Javier Carbayo, Félix Jové, Fernando Sánchez

Dos caras de una misma técnica constructiva. Registro y trasmisión de la construcción en tapia. 
Àngels Castellarnau Visús y Félix A. Rivas.

Las murallas de Mascarell (Castellón). Estudio gráfico y constructivo Víctor Gamero Bernal, Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro.

Caracterización de la tapia del S XII en la torre de la iglesia de San Pedro. Becerril de Campos, Palencia 
Mónica del Río Muñoz, Jesús San José Alonso, Félix Jové Sandoval.

Técnicas medievales de construcción en tapial de tierra y de cal y canto: los castillos de Soria 
Ignacio Javier Gil Crespo.

Torres de Tierra en Castilla y León: Evolución desde la torre maciza al recubrimiento cerámico. 
Sánchez Rivera, J. I., Fernández Martín, J.J, San José Alonso, J. I.

Creación de un espacio intercultural inspirado en el temazcal tradicional oaxaqueño 
Boris Aparicio, Alfonso J. Aparicio

Del barro a la piedra en la arquitectura rural auxiliar. Chozos y casetas en tierra de campos y Montes Torozos. 
Óscar Abril Revuelta, Félix Lasheras Merino.

El destino de las kasbahs del Alto Atlas en Marruecos. Tres ejemplos en el valle del M'Goun 
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro, Teresa Gil Piqueras.

Estudios previos para la restauración de la Torre Muza de Benifaió (Valencia): Un planteamiento multidisciplinar en el ámbito universitario. 
Vicente López Mateu, Teresa M. Pellicer Armiñana, Pablo Rodríguez Navarro, Santiago Tormo Esteve

Recuperación del patrimonio arquitectónico del oasis de M'Hamid. Una oportunidad para el desarrollo 
Oriol Domínguez Martínez, Emilio Roldán Zamarrón, Alejandro García Hermida.

Con los pies en la tierra. Experiencia en el sur de Marruecos 
Andrea Lamas Domingo, Anna Rico Llopis.

2. RESTAURACIÓN

Diversas intervenciones en una torre de tapia de tierra en el Castillo de Oropesa del Mar. 
Fermin Font Mezquita. 

Consecuencias de intervenciones erróneas en la arquitectura de tapia. Ignacio Matoses Ortells, Javier Hidalgo Mora. Generalitat Valenciana, Consellería, 
Valencia, España. 

Revestimientos con fibras vegetales: metodología de estudio 
Diego García, Laura Milla, Antonia Navarro, María Palumbo 

3. ANÁLISIS E INNOVACIÓN

Revitalización de la Tradición constructiva en Tierra y Bambu en comunidades rurales y urbanas en Oaxaca, México 
Joao G. Boto M. Caeiro.

Casa S-low. Sistema Innovador de bioconstrucción modular con entramado de madera y tapial 
Àngel Estévez, Sandra Martinlara. Casa S-low, Barcelona, España

Proyecto Casa S-Low: construcción del prototipo y experiencia docente 
Montserrat Bosch, Antonia Navarro, Luis Allepuz, Cristian Poza.

Accessing the Initial rate of sorption for rammed earth made with palm kernel shell 
David C. Okoronkwo, Dr. NwabuezeEmekwuru, Prof. Jamal M. Khatib, Prof. Richard Hall.

Evaluación del comportamiento geométrico-estructural del Prototipo de las Ánimas 
Juan Ricardo Alarcón Martínez, Juan Manuel Everardo Carballo Cruz, Noemí Bravo Reyna

Apuntes sobre lo estereotómico en la arquitectura contemporánea y sistemas naturales para su configuración 
Fco. Javier Blanco Martín, Javier Arias Madero.

Iniciación al análisis del cumplimiento del Código Técnico de la edificación mediante el empleo del BT como material de construcción 
Ana Romero Girón, Reyes Rodríguez García, Jacinto Canivell García de Paredes, Ana González Serrano.

Construcción con muros de carga monocapa con BTC ligero Cannabric en el clima del sur de Europa 
Monika Brümmer.

Telheiro da Encosta do Castelo - Um Espaço de Tradição e Inovação 
Nuno Grenha.

"DSA Architecture de Terre" de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Grenoble (ENSAG), Laboratorio CRATerre Teoría y práctica en una formación pos-máster en Arquitectura de Tierra 
Bakonirina Rakotomamonjy, Enrique Sevillano.

Analysis of the earth construction's thermal behavior - in situ measurement and evaluation of thermal performance of three rammed earth case studies 
Sofía Sampaio, M. Gloria Gomes, António Borges Abel.

Construcción de un módulo de adobe reforzado con mallas de junco en cañete, Ica-Perú 
María Teresa Méndez, Jimmy Onofre, Gabriela Prado, Kattia Barreto, Cristina Arias, José García. 

4. COOPERACIÓN

Cómo puede ayudar el conocimiento de la construcción sostenible en el desarrollo de las ciudades. El ejemplo de Manta. Proyecto de Cooperación Internacional de la Universidad de Valladolid, España, y la Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Ecuador. 
José Luis Sáinz Guerra, Félix Jové, Rosario del Caz, Pedro Olmos, Miguel Camino

Viviendas de adobe en Camerún 
Sandra Bestraten Castells, Emilio Hormias Laperal.

El horno de ESTEPA: Calor sin leña 
María Brown Birabén, Raquel Martínez Fernández, Mariana Mas Gómez.

La tierra en la construcción de cerramientos con materiales de reciclaje 
Javier Arias Madero, Javier Blanco Martín.

Fogones mejorados de adobe 
Elena Carrillo Palacios, Jon de la Rica Extremiana. 

ANEXO CONGRESO EN CUENCA DE CAMPOS 2013

Ver índice e introduccion
Portada
Contraportada

Para más info:

GRUPOTIERRA   

http://www5.uva.es/grupotierra    https://www.facebook.com/grupotierra.uva

E.T.S. de Arquitectura.   

Universidad de Valladolid - Av. de Salamanca s/n.  47014-Valladolid. España

T: +34  983 184 940  <tierra@arq.uva.es> 

Book_Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, constructions and applications

Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, constructions and applications

Edited by M. Hall, University of Nottingham, UK, R Lindsay, Earth Structures Pty Ltd, Australia and M Krayenhoff, SIREWall Inc, Canada

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy No. 33

- provides an essential exploration of the materials and techniques key to the design, development and construction of modern earth buildings

- comprehensively discusses design and construction issues, materials for earth buildings, construction techniques and modern earth structural engineering, among other topics

- examines the application of modern earth construction through international case studies

The construction of earth buildings has been taking place worldwide for centuries. With the improved energy efficiency, high level of structural integrity and aesthetically pleasing finishes achieved in modern earth construction, it is now one of the leading choices for sustainable, low-energy building. Modern earth buildings provides an essential exploration of the materials and techniques key to the design, development and construction of such buildings.

Beginning with an overview of modern earth building, part one provides an introduction to design and construction issues including insulation, occupant comfort and building codes. Part two goes on to investigate materials for earth buildings, before building technologies are explored in part three including construction techniques for earth buildings. Modern earth structural engineering is the focus of part four, including the creation of earth masonry structures, use of structural steel elements and design of natural disaster-resistant earth buildings. Finally, part five of Modern earth buildings explores the application of modern earth construction through international case studies.

With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Modern earth buildings is a key reference work for all low-impact building engineers, architects and designers, along with academics in this field.

ISBN 0 85709 026 7
ISBN-13: 978 0 85709 026 3
July 2012
800 pages 234 x 156mm hardback

CONTENTS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO MODERN EARTH BUILDINGS
Overview of modern earth building
M R Hall, University of Nottingham, UK, R Lindsay, Earth Structures Group, Australia, and M Krayenhoff, SIREWALL Inc, Canada
- Introduction
- Definition of modern earth building
- The significance of modern earth building in the current and future construction industries
- Changes in the modern earth building industry
- Managing the demands of the modern construction industry
- References
Hygrothermal behaviour and occupant comfort in modern earth buildings
M R Hall and S Casey, University of Nottingham, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Hygrothermal loads and modelling
- Thermal and hygric properties of earth materials
- Hygrothermal behaviour and passive air conditioning
- Indoor health and air quality
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: nomenclature
Fabric insulation, thermal bridging and acoustics in modern earth buildings
C J Hopfe, Cardiff University and M R Hall, University of Nottingham, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Approaches to fabric insulation
- Thermal bridging theory
- Thermal bridging simulation tools
- Acoustic reverberation
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: nomenclature
Modern earth building codes, standards and normative development
H Schroeder, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany
- Introduction: A short history of building codes for using earth as a building material
- Types of ‘standards’ for earth building
- Normative documents for earth building
- Selecting the parameters for earth building standards
- New developments in earth building standards
- Conclusions
- References
Passive house design: a benchmark for thermal mass fabric
L Rongen, Rongen Architects, Germany
- Introduction
- Description of Passive House
- Functional principles of Passive House
- Case studies of Passive Houses in different climates
- Examples of Passive House architecture in Germany
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 2 EARTH MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND EARTH CONSTRUCTION

Soil materials for earth construction: properties, classification and suitability testing
L N Reddi, Florida International University, A K Jain and H-B Yun, University of Central Florida, USA
- Introduction
- Soil formation
- Soil types
- Soil Consistency
- Compaction of soil
- Conclusion
- References
- Appendix
Alternative and recycled materials for earth construction
A Dawson, University of Nottingham, UK
- Introduction
- Classification of alternative and recycled materials
- Types of alternative material
- Characteristics of alternative and recycled materials
- Form of recycled and alternative materials: bulk or binder
- Leaching of materials
- Physical and mechanical properties of alternative and recycled materials
- The use and re-use life cycle
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: abbreviations
Soil mechanics and earthen construction: Strength and mechanical behaviour
C E Augarde, Durham University, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Basic soil mechanics
- Fundamental soil behaviour
- Effective stress
- Models of shear strength for soils
- Unsaturated soil behaviour
- The use of soil mechanics in earthen construction
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References
Soil stabilisation and earth construction: Materials, properties, and techniques
M R Hall, K B Najim and P Keikhaei Dehdezi, University of Nottingham, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Lime stabilisation
- Cement and pozzolans
- Bituminous binders and emulsions
- Synthetic binders, polymers and adhesives
- Fibre reinforcement
- Selection tool for modern stabilised earth construction
- References
Integral admixtures and surface treatments for modern earth buildings
R Kebao and D Kagi, Tech-Dry Building Protection Systems Pty Ltd, Australia
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Integral admixtures for modern earth construction
- Surface treatment for modern earth buildings
- Future trends
- Sources of information
- References
Weathering and durability of earthen materials and structures
J-C Morel, Q-B Bui, and E Hamard, University of Lyon, France
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Water content increase in earthen walls
- Strategies to increase durability of earth walls
- Current tests for assessing the durability of earthen materials
- Surface coatings and finishes
- Long-term performance testing
- Future trends and conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 3 EARTH BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND EARTH CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
History of earth building techniques
P Jaquin, Integral Engineering, UK
- Introduction
- Earth building techniques in Asia
- Earth building techniques in Africa
- Earth building techniques in Europe
- Earth building techniques in North America
- Earth building techniques in South America
- Earth building techniques in Australia
- Conclusions
- References
Stabilised soil blocks for structural masonry in earth construction
B V Venkatarama Reddy, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India
- Introduction
- Soil stabilisation techniques
- Production of stabilized soil blocks (SSBs)
- Characteristics of stabilized soil blocks (SSB)
- Cement-soil mortars for stabilized soil block (SSB) masonry
- Stabilised soil block masonry
- Long-term performance, repair and retrofitting of stabilized soil block (SSB) buildings
- Case studies of cement stabilized soil blocks (CSSB) buildings
- References
Modern rammed earth construction techniques
D Easton and T Easton, Rammed Earth Works, USA
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Material sourcing
- Proportioning and mixing
- Formwork
- Installation
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques
D Easton, Rammed Earth Works, USA
- Introduction
- Materials used for pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction
- The forming system
- Reinforcement of pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) walls
- Equipment for proportioning, mixing and placement
- The pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) method
- Conclusion
- Appendix: Estimating the costs of PISE construction
Conservation of historic earth buildings
G Calabrese, Architect, Australia
- Introduction
- Common forms of deterioration on historic earth buildings
- Conservation of earth architecture
- Case study of the UNESCO heritage site of Diriyah in the Atturaif region of Saudi Arabia
- Case study of earth buildings in Italy: Loreto Aprutino in the Abruzzo Region
- Conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 4 MODERN EARTH STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Earth masonry structures: arches, vaults and domes
J F D Dahmen University of British Columbia, Canada and J A Ochsendorf, MIT, USA
- Introduction
- Structural theory for arches, vaults and domes
- Earth masonry arches
- Earth masonry vaults
- Earth masonry domes
- Material properties of earth masonry structure
- Design and construction criteria for earth masonry structures
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
- References
Structural steel elements within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling
R Lindsay, Earth Structures Group, Australia
- Introduction
- Structural steel for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling
- Design parameters for using structural steel within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling
- The use of steel lintels for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) applications
- Steel columns embedded within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls
- Structural systems for elevated or ‘precast’ stabilised rammed earth (SRE) panels
- North American structural steel
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
Natural disasters and earth buildings: Resistant design and construction
H W Morris, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Earthquakes and earth buildings
- Earthquake engineering
- Wind and storms
- Earth building design for wind resistance
- Flood hazards and earth buildings
- Volcanoes and landslides
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References
Embankments and earthfill dams: Construction materials and techniques
W Wu, T G Berhe and T Ashour, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austria
- Introduction
- Types and selection of embankment dams
- Zoning of embankment dams and construction materials
- Embankment dams construction specifics
- Stability analysis of embankment dams
- Maintenance of embankment dams
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 5 APPLICATION OF MODERN EARTH CONSTRUCTION: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

North American modern earth construction
M Krayenhoff, SIREWALL Inc, Canada
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Seventh generation thinking and earth construction
- The interplay of indoor and outdoor weather
- Applications of earth construction in hot climates
- Applications of earth construction in wet climates and cold climates
- Optimizing rammed earth compressive strength
- North American style rammed earth
- Case studies of North American earth construction
- Design elegance of modern earth buildings
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- Acknowledgements
Australasian modern earth construction
R Lindsay, Earth Structures Group, Australia
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Uses of stabilized rammed earth in different regions of Australia
- Approaches to material type and selection
- Formwork and construction techniques: the ‘Stabilform system’
- Stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls
- Designing for thermal comfort
- Standards and specifications for modern earth construction in Australia
- The cost of stabilised rammed earth (SRE) construction in Australia
- Case studies of modern earth buildings in Victoria, Australia
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- Acknowledgements
- References
European modern earth construction
M R Hall, University of Nottingham and W Swaney, Earth Structures (Europe) Ltd, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Conservation and revival of traditional techniques
- Modern earth construction techniques
- Case studies of modern earth buildings throughout Europe
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: European earth building contractors and specialist advisers
Modern rammed earth construction in China
RK Wallis, SIREWALL China, GIGA and AArchitecture, China
- Introduction
- Challenges for modern rammed earth construction in China
- Opportunities for modern rammed earth construction in China
- Approaches to material type and selection
- Construction techniques and formwork
- Case studies
- Future trends
- References