3DEarth_a Generative Process_6Abril/5Maio2013_Lisboa

www.3dearthworkshopiscteiul.wordpress.com/

Quais as potencialidades da Fabricação Digital na Arquitetura em Terra?

Como combinar as técnicas construtivas tradicionais em terra com os processos digitais CAD/CAM na construção de estruturas arquitetónicas à escala real (1:1)?

O workshop internacional “3D EARTH. A GENERATIVE PROCESS” procurará responder a estas duas questões. O objetivo central é explorar as potencialidades dos processos digitais avançados na construção em terra tendo como referência temas da morfogénese.

A construção tradicional, também designada por vernacular ou autóctone, é essencialmente caracterizada pela utilização de materiais e técnicas próprias do lugar que ocupa e é, na sua maioria, construída pela população que a habita. A construção em terra é uma das soluções tradicionais, milenares e mundiais, que a arquitetura tem o mérito de possuir variadíssimos exemplares. Trata-se de um método sustentável de autoconstrução muito característico nos países onde a maioria da população não possui recursos que permitam obter outro tipo de habitação. Neste sentido, além do baixo custo e do processo construtivo simples, a arquitetura em terra possui características térmicas e acústicas excelentes, no entanto, são construções muito vulneráveis a fenómenos naturais (chuva e sismos). A fabricação digital (processos avançados de CAD/CAM) em arquitetura permite a passagem do desenho diretamente para a sua prototipagem.

Este processo – do ficheiro para a fábrica – permite que os arquitetos, entre outros profissionais, realizem projetos com um leque maior de possibilidades, diversidades e complexidades – como é o caso de geometrias complexas. A fabricação digital além de oferecer uma nova e contemporânea tecnologia ao acesso da arquitetura também possibilita a personalização, a customização, a estandardização e a prototipagem/execução local. Numa sociedade que procura reduzir de forma significativa o impacto negativo no planeta, a tentativa de mimetizar os processos naturais de geração e manutenção das estruturas biológicas parece ser um percurso promissor. Surge então o biomimetismo e a morphogenesis (sendo que o primeiro mimetiza forma e comportamento e o segundo compreende também desempenho e performance). Este conceito é profundamente inspirado na natureza e procura, na simplicidade do seu processo, reproduzir a geração da forma. Com a intensificação da utilização dos sistemas CAD/CAM enquanto ferramentas indispensáveis de representação, modelação e fabricação, tem-se procurado, em arquitetura, a capacidade de conceber e desenvolver formas livres de carácter orgânico com base em padrões e formas da natureza, permitindo uma ligação inequívoca entre o desenho digital (CAD) e o processo de produção (CAM).

Com base nestes aspectos, um grupo de investigadores multidisciplinares em conjunto com os participantes propõe-se concretizar algumas soluções de interesse estrutural, funcional e estético, através da realização física de protótipos à escala 1:1. O produto final resultará da concepção paramétrica de um elemento/conjunto de elementos arquitetónicos baseados numa peça/módulo de 300x200x100 mm. O workshop explorará: (1) o uso do Rhino e Grasshoper como ferramentas criativas de modelação 3D; (2) a prototipagem/fabricação em CNC, com a possibilidade de recorrer também a maquinaria leve, para a construção à escala real da peça final.

Serão aplicados 4 processos: (1) Processo Seco – Realizar o bloco de terra e depois de seco modelar através da CNC o desenho realizado; (2) Processo Molde – Modelar os moldes na CNC para posteriormente se encher com terra; (3) Processo Plástico – Realizar a modelação da terra crua diretamente na CNC; (4) Processo peça única – Prototipagem de uma peça única (repetível) que consoante a sua colocação traduzirá a modelação pretendida. Realizar-se-ão experiências com a finalidade de testar cores, texturas, resistência do material, potencialidades técnicas das ferramentas a utilizar, viabilidade técnica e construtiva.

ISCTE-IUL

3dearth.workshop.iscteiul@gmail.com

www.3dearthworkshopiscteiul.wordpress.com/

What are the capabilities of Digital Fabrication in Architecture of Earth?

How to combine the traditional construction techniques in earth with the CAD/CAM digital processes in the construction of full-scale architectural structures (1:1)?

The international workshop “3D EARTH. A GENERATIVE PROCESS” will attempt to respond to these two questions. The main purpose is to explore the capabilities of advanced digital processes in the construction in earth having as reference subjects of morphogenesis.

The traditional construction, also designated by vernacular or autochthonous, is essentially characterized by the use of materials and techniques specific to its site and is, mostly, executed by the local population. The construction in earth is one of the traditional solutions, millenarian and worldwide, that architecture has the merit of having numerous different examples. It is a sustainable method of self-construction highly characteristic in countries where most of the population does not have the resources to obtain other type of housing. Therefore, besides the low cost and the simple constructive process, architecture in earth has excellent thermal and acoustic characteristics, however, constructions are very vulnerable to natural events (rain and earthquakes). Digital fabrication (advanced processes of CAD/CAM) in architecture allows the passage of the drawing directly to its prototyping. This process – from file to the factory – allows architects, and other professionals, to perform projects with a wider range of possibilities, diversities and complexities – as in the case of complex geometries. Digital fabrication besides offering a new and contemporary technology for access of architecture, also enables personalization, customization, standardization and local prototyping and execution. In a society that seeks to significantly reduce the negative impact on the planet, attempting to mimic the natural processes of generation and maintenance of biological structures appears to be a promising route. Emerges then the biomimicry and mophogenesis (the first of which mimics the form and behavior and the second also comprises performance). This concept is deeply inspired by nature and seeks, in the simplicity of its process, to reproduce the generation of form. With the increasing use of CAD/CAM systems as essential tools of representation, modeling and fabrication, has been sought, in architecture, the ability to design and develop free forms of organic nature based on shapes and patterns of nature, allowing an unambiguous link between digital design (CAD) and the production process (CAM). Based on these aspects, a group of multidisciplinary researchers along with the participants it is proposed to implement a few solutions of structural, functional and aesthetic interest, through the realization of a 1:1 scale physical prototype. The final product will result from a parametric design of an architectonic element/group of elements based on a piece/module of 200x200x200 mm. The workshop will explore: (1) the use of Rhino and Grasshoper as creative tools for 3D modeling; (2) prototyping/manufacturing in CNC, with also the possibility of using light machinery, for full-scale construction of the final piece.

4 procedures will be applied: (1) Dry Procedure – Make the block of earth and after drying, model with the CNC the design made; (2) Mold Procedure – Model the molds with the CNC later to be filled with earth; (3) Plastic Procedure – perform modeling of raw earth directly on the CNC; (4) Part Procedure – Prototyping one single piece (repeatable) that depending on their placement will translate the desired model. There will be performed experiments in order to test colors, textures, material strength, technical capabilities of the tools to use, technical and constructive viability.
www.3dearthworkshopiscteiul.wordpress.com/

Grains de Bâtisseurs_ 02 / 08

02_Les salières


03 Les goutelettes de poudre


04_Le tube de poudre


05_Le tube de poudre qui rebondit


06_L'aspirateur et le gant


07_Les poudres tassées et aérées


08_1+1=2

Grains de Bâtisseurs_ 01_Le tas et le poids

01_O monte e o peso

Um material liquido e sólido ao mesmo tempo

Os Ateliers de Grains de Bâtisseurs são oficinas de pequenas experiências científicas, simples, lúdicas e espectaculares destinadas ao público em geral, crianças e adultos, bem como a profissionais da construção para descobrirem como é possível passar de um monte de terra a uma parede, e em seguida, a edifícios que podem durar séculos e resistir às intempéries.

01_Le tas et le poids

Une matière fluide et solide à la fois

Les Ateliers de Grains de Bâtisseurs ce sont des petites expériences scientifiques, simples, ludiques voire spectaculaires à destination du grand public, enfants et adultes, mais aussi des professionnels de la construction pour découvrir comment il est possible de passer d'un tas de terre à un mur puis à des édifices capables de durer des siècles et de résister aux intempéries.

01_The mound and the weight

The Ateliers de Grains of Bâtisseurs workshops are small science experiments, simple, playful and spectacular, aimed at the general public, children and adults, as well as construction professionals to discover how you can pass from plot of  land to a wall, and then to construct buildings that last centuries and are weather resistant.

Paquimé, Casas Grandes_México

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Paquimé, Casas Grandes, é uma zona arqueológica situada no noroeste do estado de Chihuahua, no México. Este local, nomeado Património da Humanidade pela Unesco em 1998, caracteriza-se pelas suas construcções em terra argilosa e as suas portas em forma de "T".

Paquimé atingiu o seu apogeu nos séculos 14 e 15 e desempenhou um papel-chave no comércio e contactos culturais entre a cultura Pueblo do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos e norte do México e as civilizações mais avançadas da Mesoamérica. Os extensos vestígios arqueológicos , de que apenas parte foram descobertos, são uma clara evidência da vitalidade de uma cultura perfeitamente adaptada ao meio envolvente, mas que de repente se eclipsou durante a época da conquista espanhola.

 

 

 

Descrição histórica
A chamada Cultura Pueblo do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos da América, com uma economia baseada na agricultura,  espalhou-se lentamente para sul durante o primeiro milénio dC. No século VIII,  no local de Casas Grandes, a noroeste de Chihuahua, foi fundada uma aldeia composta por construções escavadas,  por populações Mogollon do Novo México.

Paquimé desenvolveu-se lentamente até meados do século XII, quando passou por uma dramática expansão e alterações culturais.
As construções escavadas foram substituídas por estruturas mais elaboradas, acima do solo, em adobe e com um desenho complexo. A presença de elementos como as plataformas, campos de jogos, um sofisticado sistema de distribuição de água e edifícios de armazenamento especializados para produtos exóticos, como araras e perus, artefactos com conchas, cobre e agave indica influências das civilizações mais avançadas da Mesoamérica. Resiste ainda hoje a incerteza entre os arqueólogos sobre se isso terá representado uma invasão do sul ou uma expansão indígena para lidar com um elevado volume de comércio.Paquimé tornou-se um grande centro de comércio, ligada a um extenso número de pequenos aglomerados em torno dele. Estima-se que a população durante o período de prosperidade, nos séculos 14 e início de 15, com cerca de 10 mil habitantes, tornando-se uma das maiores aglomerações proto-urbanas  da Américado norte.
Após a conquista espanhola do México foi imposta à região uma nova estrutura social e económica centrada no modelo europeu, na qual Paquimé não participou. O declínio rápido relatado pelos exploradores espanhóis refere apenas pequenas comunidades agrícolas a  noroeste de Chihuahua. A ruptura final surge no final do século 17, quando a colonização espanhola intensiva da área resultou no exodo dos habitantes sobreviventes.

 

Paquimé, Casas Grandes is an archeological area located in the northwest of the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. The place was named a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1998 and is characterized by their earth/clay construction and its doors in a "T" shape.

Paquimé reached its apogee in the 14th and 15th centuries and played a key role in trade and cultural contacts between the Pueblo culture of the south-western United States and northern Mexico and the more advanced civilizations of Mesoamerica. The extensive remains, only part of which have been excavated, are clear evidence of the vitality of a culture which was perfectly adapted to its physical and economic environment, but which suddenly vanished at the time of the Spanish Conquest.

 

Historical Description

The so-called Pueblo Culture of the south-west of the United States of America, based on agriculture, spread slowly southwards during the 1st millennium AD. A village of pit houses was founded at the site of Casas Grandes, in north-western Chihuahua, during the 8th century by Mogollon people from New Mexico. It developed slowly until the mid 12th century, when it underwent a dramatic expansion and cultural shift.
The pit dwellings were replaced by more elaborate above-ground adobe structures on a complex layout. The presence of features such as platform mounds, ball-courts, a sophisticated water-distribution system, and specialized storage buildings for exotic products such as macaws and turkeys, shell and copper artefacts, and agave indicates influence from the more advanced civilizations of Mesoamerica. There is still uncertainty among archaeologists as to whether this represents an invasion from the south or an indigenous expansion to handle a greatly increased volume of trade.
Paquimé became a major mercantile centre, linked with a large number of smaller settlements around it. It has been estimated that the population during its peak period of prosperity, in the 14th and early 15th centuries, was of the order of 10,000, making it one of the largest proto-urban agglomerations in northern America.
Following the Spanish conquest of Mexico a new social and economic structure on the European model was imposed upon the region, in which Paquimé played no part. It rapidly declined, and early Spanish explorers reported only small farming communities living in north-western Chihuahua. The final breakup came in the later 17th century, when intensive Spanish colonization of the area resulted in the displacement of the surviving inhabitants.

Source: Advisory Body Evaluation UNESCO

Book_Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, constructions and applications

Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, constructions and applications

Edited by M. Hall, University of Nottingham, UK, R Lindsay, Earth Structures Pty Ltd, Australia and M Krayenhoff, SIREWall Inc, Canada

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy No. 33

- provides an essential exploration of the materials and techniques key to the design, development and construction of modern earth buildings

- comprehensively discusses design and construction issues, materials for earth buildings, construction techniques and modern earth structural engineering, among other topics

- examines the application of modern earth construction through international case studies

The construction of earth buildings has been taking place worldwide for centuries. With the improved energy efficiency, high level of structural integrity and aesthetically pleasing finishes achieved in modern earth construction, it is now one of the leading choices for sustainable, low-energy building. Modern earth buildings provides an essential exploration of the materials and techniques key to the design, development and construction of such buildings.

Beginning with an overview of modern earth building, part one provides an introduction to design and construction issues including insulation, occupant comfort and building codes. Part two goes on to investigate materials for earth buildings, before building technologies are explored in part three including construction techniques for earth buildings. Modern earth structural engineering is the focus of part four, including the creation of earth masonry structures, use of structural steel elements and design of natural disaster-resistant earth buildings. Finally, part five of Modern earth buildings explores the application of modern earth construction through international case studies.

With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Modern earth buildings is a key reference work for all low-impact building engineers, architects and designers, along with academics in this field.

ISBN 0 85709 026 7
ISBN-13: 978 0 85709 026 3
July 2012
800 pages 234 x 156mm hardback

CONTENTS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO MODERN EARTH BUILDINGS
Overview of modern earth building
M R Hall, University of Nottingham, UK, R Lindsay, Earth Structures Group, Australia, and M Krayenhoff, SIREWALL Inc, Canada
- Introduction
- Definition of modern earth building
- The significance of modern earth building in the current and future construction industries
- Changes in the modern earth building industry
- Managing the demands of the modern construction industry
- References
Hygrothermal behaviour and occupant comfort in modern earth buildings
M R Hall and S Casey, University of Nottingham, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Hygrothermal loads and modelling
- Thermal and hygric properties of earth materials
- Hygrothermal behaviour and passive air conditioning
- Indoor health and air quality
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: nomenclature
Fabric insulation, thermal bridging and acoustics in modern earth buildings
C J Hopfe, Cardiff University and M R Hall, University of Nottingham, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Approaches to fabric insulation
- Thermal bridging theory
- Thermal bridging simulation tools
- Acoustic reverberation
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: nomenclature
Modern earth building codes, standards and normative development
H Schroeder, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany
- Introduction: A short history of building codes for using earth as a building material
- Types of ‘standards’ for earth building
- Normative documents for earth building
- Selecting the parameters for earth building standards
- New developments in earth building standards
- Conclusions
- References
Passive house design: a benchmark for thermal mass fabric
L Rongen, Rongen Architects, Germany
- Introduction
- Description of Passive House
- Functional principles of Passive House
- Case studies of Passive Houses in different climates
- Examples of Passive House architecture in Germany
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 2 EARTH MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND EARTH CONSTRUCTION

Soil materials for earth construction: properties, classification and suitability testing
L N Reddi, Florida International University, A K Jain and H-B Yun, University of Central Florida, USA
- Introduction
- Soil formation
- Soil types
- Soil Consistency
- Compaction of soil
- Conclusion
- References
- Appendix
Alternative and recycled materials for earth construction
A Dawson, University of Nottingham, UK
- Introduction
- Classification of alternative and recycled materials
- Types of alternative material
- Characteristics of alternative and recycled materials
- Form of recycled and alternative materials: bulk or binder
- Leaching of materials
- Physical and mechanical properties of alternative and recycled materials
- The use and re-use life cycle
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: abbreviations
Soil mechanics and earthen construction: Strength and mechanical behaviour
C E Augarde, Durham University, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Basic soil mechanics
- Fundamental soil behaviour
- Effective stress
- Models of shear strength for soils
- Unsaturated soil behaviour
- The use of soil mechanics in earthen construction
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References
Soil stabilisation and earth construction: Materials, properties, and techniques
M R Hall, K B Najim and P Keikhaei Dehdezi, University of Nottingham, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Lime stabilisation
- Cement and pozzolans
- Bituminous binders and emulsions
- Synthetic binders, polymers and adhesives
- Fibre reinforcement
- Selection tool for modern stabilised earth construction
- References
Integral admixtures and surface treatments for modern earth buildings
R Kebao and D Kagi, Tech-Dry Building Protection Systems Pty Ltd, Australia
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Integral admixtures for modern earth construction
- Surface treatment for modern earth buildings
- Future trends
- Sources of information
- References
Weathering and durability of earthen materials and structures
J-C Morel, Q-B Bui, and E Hamard, University of Lyon, France
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Water content increase in earthen walls
- Strategies to increase durability of earth walls
- Current tests for assessing the durability of earthen materials
- Surface coatings and finishes
- Long-term performance testing
- Future trends and conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 3 EARTH BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND EARTH CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
History of earth building techniques
P Jaquin, Integral Engineering, UK
- Introduction
- Earth building techniques in Asia
- Earth building techniques in Africa
- Earth building techniques in Europe
- Earth building techniques in North America
- Earth building techniques in South America
- Earth building techniques in Australia
- Conclusions
- References
Stabilised soil blocks for structural masonry in earth construction
B V Venkatarama Reddy, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India
- Introduction
- Soil stabilisation techniques
- Production of stabilized soil blocks (SSBs)
- Characteristics of stabilized soil blocks (SSB)
- Cement-soil mortars for stabilized soil block (SSB) masonry
- Stabilised soil block masonry
- Long-term performance, repair and retrofitting of stabilized soil block (SSB) buildings
- Case studies of cement stabilized soil blocks (CSSB) buildings
- References
Modern rammed earth construction techniques
D Easton and T Easton, Rammed Earth Works, USA
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Material sourcing
- Proportioning and mixing
- Formwork
- Installation
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques
D Easton, Rammed Earth Works, USA
- Introduction
- Materials used for pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction
- The forming system
- Reinforcement of pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) walls
- Equipment for proportioning, mixing and placement
- The pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) method
- Conclusion
- Appendix: Estimating the costs of PISE construction
Conservation of historic earth buildings
G Calabrese, Architect, Australia
- Introduction
- Common forms of deterioration on historic earth buildings
- Conservation of earth architecture
- Case study of the UNESCO heritage site of Diriyah in the Atturaif region of Saudi Arabia
- Case study of earth buildings in Italy: Loreto Aprutino in the Abruzzo Region
- Conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 4 MODERN EARTH STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Earth masonry structures: arches, vaults and domes
J F D Dahmen University of British Columbia, Canada and J A Ochsendorf, MIT, USA
- Introduction
- Structural theory for arches, vaults and domes
- Earth masonry arches
- Earth masonry vaults
- Earth masonry domes
- Material properties of earth masonry structure
- Design and construction criteria for earth masonry structures
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
- References
Structural steel elements within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling
R Lindsay, Earth Structures Group, Australia
- Introduction
- Structural steel for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling
- Design parameters for using structural steel within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling
- The use of steel lintels for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) applications
- Steel columns embedded within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls
- Structural systems for elevated or ‘precast’ stabilised rammed earth (SRE) panels
- North American structural steel
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
Natural disasters and earth buildings: Resistant design and construction
H W Morris, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Earthquakes and earth buildings
- Earthquake engineering
- Wind and storms
- Earth building design for wind resistance
- Flood hazards and earth buildings
- Volcanoes and landslides
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References
Embankments and earthfill dams: Construction materials and techniques
W Wu, T G Berhe and T Ashour, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austria
- Introduction
- Types and selection of embankment dams
- Zoning of embankment dams and construction materials
- Embankment dams construction specifics
- Stability analysis of embankment dams
- Maintenance of embankment dams
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- References

PART 5 APPLICATION OF MODERN EARTH CONSTRUCTION: INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

North American modern earth construction
M Krayenhoff, SIREWALL Inc, Canada
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Seventh generation thinking and earth construction
- The interplay of indoor and outdoor weather
- Applications of earth construction in hot climates
- Applications of earth construction in wet climates and cold climates
- Optimizing rammed earth compressive strength
- North American style rammed earth
- Case studies of North American earth construction
- Design elegance of modern earth buildings
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- Acknowledgements
Australasian modern earth construction
R Lindsay, Earth Structures Group, Australia
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Uses of stabilized rammed earth in different regions of Australia
- Approaches to material type and selection
- Formwork and construction techniques: the ‘Stabilform system’
- Stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls
- Designing for thermal comfort
- Standards and specifications for modern earth construction in Australia
- The cost of stabilised rammed earth (SRE) construction in Australia
- Case studies of modern earth buildings in Victoria, Australia
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- Acknowledgements
- References
European modern earth construction
M R Hall, University of Nottingham and W Swaney, Earth Structures (Europe) Ltd, UK
- Chapter précis
- Introduction
- Conservation and revival of traditional techniques
- Modern earth construction techniques
- Case studies of modern earth buildings throughout Europe
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information
- References
- Appendix: European earth building contractors and specialist advisers
Modern rammed earth construction in China
RK Wallis, SIREWALL China, GIGA and AArchitecture, China
- Introduction
- Challenges for modern rammed earth construction in China
- Opportunities for modern rammed earth construction in China
- Approaches to material type and selection
- Construction techniques and formwork
- Case studies
- Future trends
- References

Boas Festas_ArquitecturasdeTerra / Arq2T. Atelier

O ArquitecturasdeTerra / Arq2T. Atelier deseja a todos os clientes, amigos, parceiros e familiares os votos sinceros de um Natal Feliz em boa companhia e um Próspero Ano de 2013, pleno de sucesso!

ArquitecturasdeTerra /  Arq2T. Atelier wishes to all our clients, friends, partners and family a Merry Christmas and a Prosperous 2013, full of success!

ArquitecturasdeTerra / Arq2T. Atelier desea a todos sus clientes, amigos, compañeros y familiares los sinceros deseos de Feliz Navidad en buena compañía y un próspero año 2013, lleno de éxito!

Die ArquitecturasdeTerra / Arq2T. Atelier wünscht allen Kunden, Freunden, Partnern und Familie die aufrichtigen Wünsche für ein frohes Weihnachtsfest in guter Gesellschaft und ein erfolgreiches Jahr 2013 voller Erfolg!

Pedro, Eva e (Inês)

Outstanding Earthen Architecture in Europe_2011 Award

Outstanding Earthen Architecture in Europe 2011 Award

(http://www.culture-terra-incognita.org/images/pdf/Terra_Incognita_Award_2011.pdf)

Rammed Earth House in Maun_Botswana

These  photos are from the construction process of a rammed earth house built in Maun, Botswana, by Arch. Paul Marais, researcher from the University of Wales Institute Cardiff in association with the Centre for Alternative Technology in Wales on the study of sustainable technology in southern Africa.

Using soil escavated from the site as well as additional soil from aprox. 80km away (to improve structural aspects but also the aesthetics) this is a beatifully simple but significant example of earth construction as a resilient and universal material / technology.

Ramming the earth was done by hand inside plywood forms, which were reused after ramming for the roof structure.

The earth walls turned out fantastic, and the building respond nice and cool specially in the 35+ tough temperatures common in Maun.

 

" Buildings are energy and they use energy in their daily use. Sustainable Design looks at optimising energy use and harnessing the energy that arrives daily. Buildings have a certain amount of energy used in the process of building them and then they require energy for coolth and warmth, light and dark and suppling water and removing waste.

The energy that goes into building the building, creating it's materials, feeding the artisans and getting it all to the building site, we call the embodied energy.

This is tricky to measure exactly as you can imagine (how much oil and petrol and farmers braai went into that peanut butter that mainly produced a sleepy constructor?) so we use generalised measures and common sense . We know that materials found on site have a low embodied energy so we use natural materials sourced on site where possible. We must also consider the energy use during the buildings lifetime.

This may seem insignificant at first (what's a few heaters compared to ton's of coal used to make concrete) but it can be higher than the embodied energy as it will be over a very long period.

Buildings can be orientated to use the sun's energy for heating and cooling electricity generation and to reduce water and waste energy needs. Another form of energy that we consider in sustainable design is the energy of the occupants of the building.

People have strong cultural and social links to the physical space that they inhabit - sustainable design investigates their needs, wants and desires, creating solutions that fit!"

Paul Marais

.

The Mud Masjid in Mali

Exposição 'De terre et d'argile'_Alger

«DE TERRE ET D'ARGILE» À RIADH EL FETH

L'architecture de terre sur la voie de la modernité

Par Amine Aït Hadi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

Une initiative pour sensibiliser les citadins et les futurs architectes sur la nécessité de rétablir ces modes de construction qui n'ont rien à envier aux méthodes dites modernes.

L'exposition «De terre et d'argile» dédiée aux architectures et techniques de construction traditionnelles et modernes en terre, s'est ouverte samedi à l'Esplanade Riadh el Feth à Alger et se tiendra jusqu'au 17 décembre prochain.
Yasmine Terki est architecte des monuments historiques et spécialiste des architectures et des constructions de terre auprès du ministère de la Culture. Après l'exposition «Terres d'Afrique et d'ailleurs» réalisée par ses soins, lors du 2ème Festival culturel panafricain, et notamment à l'occasion de «Tlemcen capitale de la culture islamique 2011», l'architecte aux mains incontestablement liées aux transformations minutieuses de la terre, nous revient avec ses lumineux projets et l'exposition «De terre et d'argile» sur Alger jusqu'au 17 décembre prochain.
Parallèlement aussi à la première édition du Festival culturel international de promotion des architectures de terre «Archi'terre», qui se tiendra à Alger du 18 au 22 novembre avec un riche programme d'ateliers pratiques et de conférences destiné aux architectes et aux étudiants algériens en architecture et en génie civil, l'exposition «De terre et d'argile» vise incontestablement à faire découvrir et vulgariser les architectures de terre et leurs techniques au grand public afin de le sensibiliser à l'importance de ce patrimoine culturel et urbain. Une matière disponible, gratuite, écologique, modulable, renouvelable, la terre selon le bon sens est aussi capable de répondre aux normes de confort actuelles et c'est dans une même optique, que le public peut découvrir à Riadh El Feth, dans le hall de l'exposition, les spécificités surprenantes de l'architecture de terre regroupant toutes les méthodes utilisant la terre crue comme matériau de construction. Il existe, par ailleurs, plusieurs types.
Le pisé, le torchis, l'adobe et, plus récemment, la brique de terre comprimée. Des décorations murales en terre, réalisées par une vingtaine d'artisans africains et européens, parmi eux, des artisans algériens, nigérians, français et portugais afin de mettre en relief l'universalité des architectures de terre. Des jarres en terre crue et toute une variété de couleurs de sable sont également exposée dans le hall pour mettre en exergue la diversité de la terre. L'exposition est une occasion de mêler la peinture à la sculpture et d'offrir une panoplie de formes aux alliances des expressions artistiques utilisées généralement afin de meubler l'intérieur des habitations en terre. L'exposition permet également un voyage visuelle des ksour algériens à travers un diaporama proposant une série de photographies aériennes et terrestres de 13 ksour algériens figurant parmi les «ksour protégés d'Algérie», bâtis en terre ou en pierre capturés sous l'objectif de Kays Djilali. Les photos ont été prises dans le cadre de deux campagnes photographiques organisées par le ministère de la Culture en 2009 et 2011, reflétant le génie et la beauté architecturale des premiers bâtisseurs et qui répond parfaitement aux besoins naturels et pratiques de leurs régions comme le ksar de Kenadsa (Béchar), Chetma (Biskra), Amenthan (Batna) ou El Mihane (Illizi). D'autres parties de l'exposition sont destinées à montrer des techniques de construction en terre et à la découverte d'édifices ultramodernes réalisés partout dans le monde, selon ces méthodes. Plusieurs photographies de bâtisses à différents usages sont exposées afin de montrer l'aspect moderne et utilitaire des architectures de terre. Un saut dans le temps et une découverte de projets futuristes, une simplicité et un accord entre les éléments de construction avec la nature dans une parfaite harmonie.

A l'exemple des constructions en terre au Mexique, aux Etats-Unis, en Allemagne ou au Chili où se trouve d'ailleurs une université construite en torchis (murs de terre crue avec une ossature en bois). En outre, un espace de lecture contenant pas moins de 300 ouvrages relatifs aux architectures de terre et au patrimoine est mis à la disposition du public. Deux films documentaires intitulés Les révolutions de la terre et Les nouveaux habits de la terre du réalisateur français François Lebayon, seront projetés au public tout au long de l'exposition. Une visite virtuelle et mirifique de l'oasis rouge, Timimoun (Adrar) réalisée grâce au scanner laser en trois dimensions est aussi proposée afin d'agrémenter la ballade des visiteurs.
L'architecture de terre est en soi, une forme moderne déjà appliquée dans des pays développés, ce qui ne saurait alimenter l'idée reçue que les constructions de terre sont synonymes de terres pauvres, d'autant plus qu'il est plus de l'ordre du génie urbain de trouver ce genre d'architecture à base de matériaux les plus simples et les plus disponibles. L'exposition se révèle donc comme une initiative pour sensibiliser les citadins et les futurs architectes sur la nécessité de rétablir ces modes de construction qui n'ont rien à envier aux méthodes dites modernes. Faire revivre des méthodes ancestrales et les réhabiliter sur le chemin de la modernité tout en sauvegardant et en épanouissant le patrimoine comme les ksour d'Algérie. Par ailleurs, envisager en vue des progrès à obtenir dans le domaine de l'architecture, la promotion de l'utilisation de ce type d'architecture étant donné ses avantages inégalables pour certaines régions, notamment au Sud.

Fonte da notícia aqui

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ARQUITECTURAS DE TERRA
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Conheça os conceitos teóricos e as ferramentas práticas associadas à construção com terra crua, adquirindo os conhecimentos necessários à implementação em projecto e obra das diversas tecnologias tradicionais e modernas de construção com terra!!!

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